The Problem Of Chronic Homelessness - 911 Words

According to suitcaseclinic.org homelessness is a temporary condition that people fall into when they cannot afford to pay for a place to live, or when their current home has been declared unsafe or even unstable. According to Habitat.org, this issue affects between 1.6 million to close to 3 million people within the United States. The issue is growing throughout the world, but what is the root cause? Many people wonder how they can help. Most tend to believe that the solution is as simple as just giving them money to use for daily living. Even though their root cause for their issue isn’t money. It is the fact that they either don’t know how to use their money properly/ responsibly. The main causes of chronic homelessness include poverty, disability, mental illness, along with substance abuse or addiction. Poverty is a hard but doable cycle to break and becomes more and more difficult to get out once you start to fall behind a specific income level. Once people reach t hat point they then usually are not able to obtain the proper resources for the acquired knowledge and resources that are necessary for a higher paying job. Disability affects a great percentage of the homeless. This is usually caused by some injury that prevents them from working numerous jobs within their societies and without their dependable income they then fall into the poverty cycle. Mental illness impacts the homeless with diseases like depression, PTSD, and schizophrenia. When these illnesses areShow MoreRelatedHomelessness Is A Problem Of Homelessness1610 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness is a monster. Each day, there are people on the streets suffering from homelessness. These unsheltered people litter the streets, and plead for help. There are different types of homelessness, but the most monstrous is chronic. The chronically homeless are left to endure the hardships of homelessness without hope of an effective solution. Americans disregard all homeless populations, but the most heart wrenching group that is disregarded is the veterans. The veteran homelessness problemRead MoreHealth Issues Among The Homeless Population1450 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this paper is to discuss current health issues among the homeless population. The paper will also explore the reasons behind homelessness and the society’s perception. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless an individual experiencing homelessness fall into one of the three categories such as, chronic, transitional or episodic homelessness. Medicine or treatment for homeless individuals seeking medical attention, are not as accessible compared to non-homeless individuals dueRead MoreResearch Development For Hope For Homeless1718 Words   |  7 Pagesonce inspired by his writing has not committed to these ideas. With such a shockingly large homeless population one should assume these ideas have been abandoned by the society. Commonly homelessness in America is traced back briefly, interpreted as a mostly modern issue. However, difficulties with homelessness can be credited much further to the 1640s. At this time an inability to support oneself was seen as a moral issue, and as due justice for religious shortcomings. These cultural stigmas madeRead MoreMental Illness, Drug And Alcohol Abuse1476 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The information I gathered from the research was that the major factors that contribute to homelessness are mental illness, drug and alcohol abuse. I also learned that many individuals need to develop skills and seek treatment to learn how to break the patterns which lead to cyclical or generational homelessness (Morris, 1997). There are many signs that contribute to individuals paths to homelessness and some include sudden unemployment, maintain a budget for the family, domestic violence, mentalRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesBush Administration consisting of $528.5 billion for homeless programs (Romeo 1). The problem of homelessness and extreme poverty is not a new occurrence; but in past years more extreme measures have been taken to combat the issue as more people become homeless. Expensive social programs and housing developments for the homeless have been created to help battle the increasing issue. Homelessness is an expensive problem that will never end; furthermore, the condition of homeless people in America is affectedRead MoreHomeless : Should We Help Them?1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthem? Every human in this world have the right to live decent life. Homelessness is the people do not have home. Home is huge meaning for feel safe. No home that’s mean no good place to sleep, no food, no family and even no friends. No anything from basic necessities of life. Imagine you are live like them. What is your feeling about it? Is it hard or simple? Is it good or bad? According to Collaborative Initiative to Help End Chronic Organization, â€Å"Using Continuum of Care application data, HUD estimatedRead MoreHomelessness Is A Major Issue Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Homelessness is a major issue in Edinburgh (Torrie, 2014). Progress has been made (Gordon, 2015), but we can do far better. It is possible to completely end chronic homelessness. How? The answer is surprisingly straightforward: put housing first. But homelessness will not end as long as our goal is merely to manage homelessness, rather than eradicate it. This brief will explore approaches to ending homelessness, and their successes and potential drawbacks. It will be concluded basedRead MoreThe Problem Of The Relief Program Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pageshomeless, as well as the pros and cons of each. Homelessness has many different definitions but generally occurs when individuals are unable to find and/or consistently afford housing (â€Å"What is homelessness?†). This issue can stem from any number of reasons such as medical, mental, financial or personal difficulties. While this may be an obvious understanding of the issue, it breaks down further into types of homelessness: short term, long term and chronic. Families and young adults, those under theRead MorePersuasive Letter: The Issue of Homelessness in California1182 Words   |  5 PagesPersuasive Letter: The Issue of Homelessness in California The Chief Editor, _____________________ California. Subject: The Issue of Homelessness in California Respected Sir, The issue of homelessness has been called as one that is highly ambiguous and intangible (Neale, 1997, p.7). Wright defines the homeless a diverse, heterogeneous lot. No single catch phrase or easy myth can possibly describe them all (p.46) There are varying estimates regarding the number of homeless peopleRead MoreHomelessness : Homeless Population, Origins And Consequences Of Homelessness1373 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness Some background information on the prevalence of and risk factors for the homeless population, origins and consequences of homelessness, prevention and treatment strategies, and other considerations will be presented. The definition of homelessness may cover a broad range of individuals, including those physically deprived of a home and housed persons unwilling to remain in their homes (Ravenhill 6). Some researchers conceptualize homelessness as â€Å"alienation from the rest of the society

Port Expanders Free Essays

There are no certain types of ports for the many different types of computers now days. Port expanders are computer hardware that allows more than one device to be able to connect to a single port on a computer. The two basic types of pot expanders are the internal and the external. We will write a custom essay sample on Port Expanders or any similar topic only for you Order Now I found that there was a girl on this website by the name of â€Å"Cameron head geek†. He is a person that she was able to talk to about the port expanders and at that time he told her that â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. MAC’s and PC’s have the same ports. FireWire used to be super popular with MAC’s, but a lot of PC’s had it as well. FireWire is pretty much phased out now days though†. Some of the disadvantages to port expanders is a lot of them are external and they can be annoying. They get in the way and could use more power and if your power source is not good enough it could be a real big problem when you add more devices it will take up even more power and then that’s not so good. That could cause the computer not to come back on and could also cause you to have to unplug and start all over again. The advantages of using port expanders are that you get more ports more ports to use. SAS expanders take one port and make many out of them. So say you have one 6gbps, and you expand it so you can connect 8 devices. The total throughput on all 8 ports is only 6gbps, or about 80MBPS. Even in regular hard drives can do 80MBPS, so in reality you could see a bottleneck here, but in practice you probably will be fine? In Some cases SAS expanders are cheaper than getting an equal number of â€Å"real† ports. But at the same time it depends on how much you plan on using it and also how much you really want to pay for these items. In this paper I was able to understand the fact that the expander port are not just for using of one type of computer but that they are also able to be used for many different types and that many different types are not just a good thing they have many different types of bad uses also and that sometimes you many think that they are a good thing but at the same time they are a really bad thing. So, all in all they can be good but at the same time they can also be a really bad thing. The information of this paper was found on the website of: www. eugenecomputergeeks. com How to cite Port Expanders, Papers

Diabetes Nature vs Nuture Essay Sample free essay sample

For the past 20 old ages. the figure of diabetes instances has about doubled across the Earth. In North America entirely the instances have been increasing well each twelvemonth. The Centers for Disease Control has term this rapid addition an epidemic in North America. With these dismaying rates of addition the inquiry should now be raised. is diabetes truly a familial upset or could its causes lie in some kind of environmental factors. unhealthy diets. inactive life styles. air pollution. pesticides. or a combination of these? StatisticssHarmonizing to the figures published by the American Diabetes Association. 15. 7 million people in the United States had diabetes in 2006. Just five old ages subsequently. in 2011. American Diabetes Association announced that there were about 25. 8 million reported instances of diabetes in the United States. That is an addition of over 10 million new reported instances of diabetes in America. This disease is the 6th taking cause of decease in the United States and the primary cause of sightlessness in people between the ages of 20 and 70. We will write a custom essay sample on Diabetes Nature vs Nuture Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page accounting for about 70. 000 deceases each twelvemonth. The decease rate for African-Americans with diabetes is 27 per centum higher than the decease rate for Caucasians who have the disease. Each twelvemonth. over 13. 000 new instances of type 1 diabetes are diagnosed in kids and adolescents. doing it one of the most common chronic diseases in American kids. For the mean American. the opportunity of developing type 1 diabetes by age 70 is 1 in 100 ( 1 per centum ) . while the hazard of developing type 2 diabetes is 1 in 9 ( 11 per centum ) . ( Association Diabetes Association. 2006. 2011 ) Diabetes Defined Harmonizing to the American Heritage Medical Dictionary. diabetes is defined as any of several metabolic upsets marked by inordinate discharge of urine and relentless thirst. particularly one of the two types of diabetes mellitus. Diabetess mellitus is defined as a terrible. chronic signifier of diabetes caused by deficient production of insulin and ensuing in unnatural metamorphosis of saccharides. fats. and proteins. The disease. which typically appears in childhood or adolescence. is characterized by increased sugar degrees in the blood and piss. inordinate thirst. frequent micturition. acidosis. and blowing. History of Diabetess Back in the 2nd century A. D. . the Grecian doctor Aretaeus. gave diabetes its name from a Grecian word significance â€Å"siphon† or â€Å"pass through† . Aretaeus observed that his patients’ organic structures appeared to â€Å"melt down† in to urine. By the 18th century. doctors added the Latin term â€Å"mellitus† to the name â€Å"diabetes† to depict its sugary gustatory sensation. Peoples had observed early on that an single with diabetes had sugar in their piss. In fact. one of the ways they diagnosed diabetes was to pour a patient’s piss near an emmet hill. If the emmets were attracted to the piss it had meant that the piss contained sugar. Back so. if a immature individual was diagnosed with diabetes. typically within several old ages that individual would decease. Now. thanks to the find of insulin injections by Dr. Frederick Banting in 1921. person diagnosed with diabetes is non given their decease sentence. but can bask a c omparatively long and normal life. Although for 1000s of old ages physicians have recognized diabetes as a disease. they still do non to the full understand what are its causes. American Diabetes Association ( p26. 2006 ) Two Major Types of Diabetess There are two major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes ( insulin dependant ) besides known as juvenile diabetes affects 5 to 10 per centum of people with diabetes and normally starts at an early age. It is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system onslaughts and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. In bend. the type 1 sick person becomes insulin-dependent for the balance of their life. Type 2 diabetes ( non-insulin dependant ) . is by far the most common signifier of diabetes impacting 90 to 95 per centum of the diabetes suffers. In type 2. the pancreas does bring forth insulin. but non plenty to fuel the cells. The cells may besides go immune to the effects of what small insulin there is in the blood stream. This type of diabetes normally develops in ulterior old ages ; unluckily. it is now going more common in younger people. Familial LinkssHarmonizing to most surveies today. holding a household member with diabetes alterations the odds and increasing the hazard. particularly for type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes appears to run in households more than type 1 does. While type 2 has a strong familial nexus. it appears to be to a great extent influenced by life style. In other words. a kid who does non hold a household history of type 2 diabetes but who lives in an environment with free-flowing Calorie in return and with small or no exercising will increase his opportunities of developing type 2 diabetes. A survey in the September 30. 2010. issue of the Journal of Lipid Research suggests an unusual signifier of heritage may hold a function in the lifting rate of diabetes. particularly in kids and immature grownups. in the United States. In this survey. the research workers looked at the effects of a diet high in concentrated fat on mice and their progeny. As expected. they found that a high-fat diet induced type 2 diabetes in the grownup mice and that this consequence was reversed by halting the diet. However. if the female mice continued with a high-fat diet during gestation and/ or suckling. their progeny besides had a greater frequence of diabetes development. even though the progeny were given a moderate-fat diet. These mice were so mated with healthy mice. and the following coevals of offspring developed diabetes as good. In consequence. exposing a foetal mouse to high degrees of concentrated fats can do it and its progeny to get diabetes. even if the mouse goes off the high-fat diet and its immature are neer straight exposed. Although this survey supports a strong familial nexus. maintain in head that it was merely after the environmental harm had taken topographic point. that the progeny became susceptible to the disease excessively. This environmental harm done to the parents may subsequently be transferred genetically to their progeny. doing them susceptible to developing diabetes. ( ScienceDaily. 2010 ) In the survey of indistinguishable twins. it has been proven that genetic sciences plays a really strong function in whether a individual develops diabetes. particularly type 2 diabetes. In the instance of twins. if one of the indistinguishable twins develops type 2 diabetes. so there is a 90 per centum opportunity that the other twin will besides develop type 2 diabetes. However. this is non the instance with indistinguishable twins with one twin developing type1 diabetes. There is merely a six per centum opportunity that the other twin will develop type 1 diabetes. ( American Diabetes Association. 2009 ) If a child’s female parent or male parent has type 2 diabetes. there is a 12 per centum opportunity that this kid will at some point develop type 2 diabetes besides. If both parents of a kid have diabetes. there is a 50 per centum opportunity the kid will besides develop diabetes. If the kid has a sibling with diabetes. there is a 25 per centum opportunity that this kid will besides develop diabetes. ( American Diabetes Association. 2009 ) Temporal bunchs of type 1 diabetes instances ( i. e. those that occur around the same time–whether within households. a school or a geographical part ) . prompt people to surmise an environmental agent to fault. However. no consistent account has come up for these bunchs. and it is impossible to govern out the possibility of merely a happenstance. Given the fact that the development of diabetes takes many old ages in most instances. a bunch in clip seems more likely due to opportunity than a common cause. Dr. Warram. of the Joslin Diabetes Center. provinces that. â€Å"From what we know. the autoimmune procedure taking to the devastation of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas is rather long. Peoples can hold antibodies signaling harm to the beta cells for many old ages without developing diabetes. † ( ScienceDaily. Sept. 2009 ) Environmental LinkssIt was one time thought that a individual environmental event. such as a viral infection of some kind. must be the trigger to the oncoming of diabetes. but now that thought has changed. Many scientists are now tilting towards multiple environmental factors including infections. pollution. and diet which may besides raise or lower an individual’s hazard for developing diabetes. There have been many surveies traveling on all around the universe to find links between diabetes and the environment. between diabetes and genetic sciences. and diabetes and life styles. There are many more surveies now back uping an environmental nexus to diabetes. No longer make the bulk of scientist believe that genetic sciences tells the whole narrative of the hazard of diabetes. because merely 5 to 10 per centum of the persons who are genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes of all time develop the disease. Dr. Marian Rewer M. D. . PhD. . manager of the clinical division at the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes in Denver. Colorado states that. â€Å"There is a misconception that type 1 diabetes is a familial disease and chiefly occurs in households where there is person with diabetes† and â€Å"Actually. about 90 per centum of kids who are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes have no household history of the disease. † She besides notes. â€Å"Children are acquiring diabetes at an earlier age. so many of them as babies instead than at 10 to 14 old ages of age† and â€Å"That does non go on by opportunity. something in the environment is doing this. † The incidence of kids who have developed diabetes before the age of two has about tripled in recent old ages. ( ScienceDaily. June 2011 ) In another survey still underway at the University of Cambridge. scientists are recommending extra research into the small understood links between environmental pollution and type 2 diabetes. In their diary the Lancet. Dr. Oliver Jones and Julian Griffen highlight the demand to research the possible nexus between relentless organic pollutants ( POPs. a group which includes many pesticides ) and insulin opposition. There is concern about a strong nexus between POP’s and the oncoming of grownup diabetes. In their commentary they site a equal. Dr. D. Lee. who demonstrated a really strong relationship between the degrees of POPs in blood. peculiarly organic Cl compounds. and the hazard of type 2 diabetes. Interestingly. in Dr. Lee’s survey. an association between fleshiness and diabetes was absent in people with low concentrations of POPs in the blood. In other words. persons were more at hazard of diabetes if they were thin with high degrees of POPs in their blood than if they were overweight. with low degrees of POPs. A study published. October 2010 issue. in Diabetes Care. is among the first large-scale population-based surveies to associate diabetes prevalence with air pollution. It is consistent with anterior research lab surveies happening an addition in insulin opposition. a precursor to diabetes. in corpulent mice exposed to particulates. and an addition in markers of redness ( which may lend to insulin opposition ) in both mice and corpulent diabetic patients after particulate exposures. Like the research lab surveies. the current surveies focus on the all right particulates of. 01 to 2. 5 nanometres in size ( known as PM2. 5 ) . a chief constituent of haze. fume. and motor vehicle fumes. In all the analysis there was a strong and consistent association between diabetes prevalence and PM2. 5 concentrations. As Dr. Allison Goldfine. MD. caput of clinical research at the Joslin Diabetes Center. provinces. â€Å"Many environmental factors may lend to the epidemic of diabetes in the United Sta tes and worldwide. † ( ScienceDaily. 2010. September ) In the September 25. 2009 issue of ScienceDaily. it has been reported that diabetes prevalence is highest in the Southern and Appalachian provinces and lowest in the Midwest and the Northeast of America. Researchers composing in the BioMed Central’s diary. Population Health Matrics. have used two public informations beginnings to look into the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus at the province degree. Age-standardized diabetes prevalence was highest in Mississippi. West Virginia. Louisiana. Texas. South Carolina. Alabama. and Georgia. runing from 15. 8 per centum to 16. 6 per centum for work forces and 12. 4 per centum to 14. 8 per centum for adult females. The lowest prevalence’s were found in Vermont. Minnesota. Montana. and Colorado. merely 7 per centum for adult females in the Northeast and some Western provinces. These consequences presently provide merely estimations of the entire diabetes instances. diagnosed and undiagnosed. in the United States. Dr. Warram. of the Joslin Diabetes Center. provinces that. â€Å"The cistron pool doesn’t alteration much within one coevals. so there must be an environmental or behavioural factor involved. † ( ScienceDaily. Sept. 2009 ) A alone survey was carried out by the University of Wisconsin adding strength to environmental factor’s function in the cause of diabetes. They studied two groups of people who were related in footings by their Deoxyribonucleic acid. Their survey included the Pima Indian life in Mexico and the Pima Indians life in Arizona. The survey showed that the Pima Indians life in the Sierra Mande mountain scope of Mexico have a much lesser opportunity of developing diabetes than the Pima Indians life in Arizona. Both populations had the same rate of fleshiness. However. the incidence of diabetes in the population of Indians populating in Arizona is much higher than the same population life in Mexico. The Pima Indians life in Mexico are far more active than the Pima Indians life in Arizona and had a far more alimentary diet. The survey proves that people should eat less simple starches and sugars and live more active life styles in order to maintain from developing diabetes. ( Diabetes C are 29:1866-1871. 2006 ) Decision Although there still remains a reasonably solid instance for genetic sciences and its influence on the development of diabetes. it is non solid plenty to deny the statistics and all the new grounds indicating to the environmental factors that may be to fault on this rapid addition of diabetes instances across the Earth. It may stay that an person with a household member who has diabetes may be at a greater hazard for developing diabetes than an single with no household history of the disease. nevertheless. through controlled diet and everyday exercising. grounds has proven that a individual could take down their opportunities of developing diabetes. The inquiry whether diabetes is caused by cistrons or the environmental factors in which an person is brought up in. soon can non be answered in black and white. The fact could be that diabetes may really good be a consequence of the interaction of the environment with the familial make-up of the person. One thing remains certain. that something has gone awfully incorrect in this state entirely. for this consistent rise in the figure of new diabetes instances each twelvemonth. With so many new surveies now indicating more and more to the environmental factors. people can no longer look the other manner. something must be done to halt this disease. Although the existent scientific cause may still stay a enigma for now. most scientist and physicians would hold that people should eat fewer simple starches and sugars along with everyday exercising in order to remain healthy and cut down their opportunities of acquiring diabetes. Hopefully the hereafter will keep a more clear reply. and o ne twenty-four hours convey hope for extinguishing diabetes for future coevalss. Mentions American Heritage Medical Dictionary. ( 2008. p150 ) Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ( 2008. August 21 ) . Diabetes Transmitted From Parents to Children. New Research Suggest. Balch. Phyllis. ( 2000. p321 ) Prescription for Nutritional Healing. Library of Congress. Centers for Disease Control. graph with figure of persons diagnosed with diabetes in the United States from 1980 to 2009. [ email protected ]/* Diabetes Care. vol. 29: ( 2009. p1866-1871 ) . University of Wisconsin survey Pima Indians in Arizona and Mexico Danaei. Goodarz. ( 2009 ) et Al. â€Å"Diabetes prevalence and diagnosing in the United States† : Analysis of Health studies. Population Health Metrics. Children’s Hospital Boston ( 2010. September 30 ) . Strong nexus between diabetes and air pollution in national United States survey. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 7. 2011. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sciencedaily. com University of Cambridge ( 2008. January 28 ) . Is Diabetes Linked to Environmental Pollution? ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 7. 2011 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sciencedaily. com

The Cask of Amontillado Montresor’s Untrustworthiness and Mental Instability Essay Example

The Cask of Amontillado Montresor’s Untrustworthiness and Mental Instability Paper The Cask of Amontillado Montresor’s untrustworthiness and mental instability The cask of amontillado is a short story that Edgar Allen Poe wrote in 1846. Poe has written this particular story to be told in a first person point of view. Since Montresor is the narrator this concludes the fact that he is telling the story from his point of view. From the beginning it is clear that Montresor is an unreliable narrator. Throughout the story it is quite noticeable that Montresor is not trustworthy as a narrator, and that he has a mental instability. The very first sentence it shows that this story is going to be told by Montresor (from a first person point of view). In the first sentence of the first paragraph Montresor claims Fortunato has bestowed â€Å"thousand injuries† against him. Even though Fortunato has supposedly insulted Montresor; Montresor never goes on to state what exactly Fortuanto has done to him. Next he states that he â€Å"vowed revenge† on Fortunato. Just from the one sentence Montresor shows he has a bias for how the story happened and played out. The next sentence is Montresor talking to an unknown person, basically telling then that he is going to diverge the story to them. â€Å"You, who so well know the nature of my soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is how Montresor addresses this person. How he has addressed the unknown person gives the idea that it might be a priest whom he is speaking to. If it is assumed that it is a priest, it could be interpreted as a sign of remorse. Although after reading the whole story it is quite clear that he does not regret what he has done to Fortunado. Throughout the story Montressor talks of what he has done to Fortunado with little to no remorse in his voice. I must not only punish, but punish with impunity† shows that Montressor knew completely well what he was about to do to his ‘friend’ and has not the slightest though of not doing it. Not only does Montresor plan to punish Fortunado but with impunity, which means without exemption. He shows the reader he has plans for his revenge but never tells the reader exactly what Fortunado has done to deserve to be punished with impunity. This alone shows that Montresor is trying to get the unknown person whom he is speaking with to sympathize with him. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cask of Amontillado Montresor’s Untrustworthiness and Mental Instability specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Cask of Amontillado Montresor’s Untrustworthiness and Mental Instability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Cask of Amontillado Montresor’s Untrustworthiness and Mental Instability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Montresor antagonizes Fortunado through the whole story with the allure of the Amontillado. There are at least three occasions that Montresor talks of finding Lushesi instead of Fortunado to try the wine to authenticate it. Montresor obviously knew that it irritated Fortunado when he spoke of having Luchesi come to authenticate the wine. This was almost like a slap in the face for Fortunado and made him want to come to the tombs even more. This move by Montressor shows how desperate he is to keep Fortunado interested in coming to the tombs. It shows how he has calculated his plan of revenge and is trying to execute his master plan. In the very last paragraph, second to last sentence Montresor states: â€Å"For the half of a century no mortal has disturbed them. † This sentence is referring to the tomb where he has entombed Fortunado to die, as well as the tomb of his other ancestors. Half of a century is at least fifty years, thus Montresor is stating that it has been over fifty years since the incident thus he could have easily forgotten what actually happened in the tomb. Most people can not even remember what happened a year ago one hundred percent accurately, much less fifty years later. In conclusion Montresor is a very unreliable narrator. Not only has it been over fifty years since the event, but Montresor also has a bias as to what happened with Fortunado. Montresor also clearly shows his mental instability with his lack of remorse with what he did to Fortunado. In this story of Edgar Allen Poe’s it is quite noticeable that Montresor is not a trustworthy narrator and that he has a mental instability.

20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language

20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language 20 Strategies for Writing in Plain Language By Mark Nichol The increasing popularity of plain language, the concept of writing clear, simple prose, is making it easier for people to understand legal documents and government forms. It’s also recommended for any print or online publications intended to provide information or explain a process and writers should consider its utility for any content context. Here are the main ideas behind plain language. 1. Identify and understand your readers and their needs: Who are they, and what is their likely reading level? What do they already know about the subject, and what do you want them to know? What do you need to write to convey this information? 2. In an introduction or in navigational content, state the purpose of the content, and tell your readers why the information is important to them. Consider, too, what you want readers to do after reading the content, and how to use your writing to get them to do it. 3. Organize content so that information and procedures are presented in the order in which the material will make sense to the reader. 4. Clearly state requirements and responsibilities those of the reader, the information provider, and third parties. 5. Provide clarity by using examples and/or anecdotes, using lists, tables, and images, emphasizing key terms and steps, and employing a clean, uncluttered, well-ordered design. 6. Write short sentences; keep the subject, verb, and object close. Place words carefully, and avoid double negatives. 7. Write short paragraphs consisting of one topic, each starting with a topic sentence and linked to other paragraphs with transitional words and phrases such as next or â€Å"once you have submitted your application.† 8. Write to the reader, using second-person pronouns rather than third-person nouns: â€Å"You must provide written proof†; â€Å"We will respond within seven business days.† This approach encourages you to write in the active voice. Define the pronouns so that readers are clear about the categories of people or other entities audience, information providers, and third parties referred to as you, we, and they. 9. Avoid noun strings: What, for example, is a corporate-partner-strategic-marketing plan? It’s likely a strategic marketing plan for engaging with corporate partners. That revision requires more words, but it’s clearer. (But it’s still not plain language. How about â€Å"a marketing plan that helps corporations we do business with understand our goals†?) 10. To indicate a requirement, use must, not shall: â€Å"You must include a sample.† 11. Avoid smothered verbs: â€Å"We will decide soon,† rather than â€Å"We will make a decision soon.† 12. Allow contractions; they’re conversational. 13. Avoid elegant variation, which invigorates creative writing but can confuse readers when they’re trying to understand instructions or regulations; use the same standard terms each time you refer to them. 14. Don’t shy away from technical terms your audience knows, but avoid jargon such as leverage and legal terminology such as herewith. 15. If possible, use a question-and-answer format for presenting information. Use conversational wording for questions, based on what readers would be expected to ask, and provide clear, concise responses. When possible, ask and answer only one question per item. 16. Use present tense, rather than conditional, future, or past tense: â€Å"You can soon file a claim if you were eligible during the stated period,† not â€Å"Those who were eligible during the stated period will be given an opportunity to file a claim.† 17. Based on your audience, determine which acronyms and initialisms are appropriate. Minimize jargon acronyms and initialisms; use descriptive words instead. When using common acronyms and initialisms, decide whether to spell them out on first reference with the abbreviation in parentheses or to define them, or whether to trust your audience to be familiar with them. Avoid using more than a few acronyms and/or initialisms in a given piece of content. 18. Omit unnecessary words: Watch for verbose phrases. For example, the presence of a preposition signals an opportunity for a more concise revision (or, in other words, prepositions signal a revision opportunity). Avoid redundant wording such as â€Å"basic fundamentals,† legal doublets such as â€Å"cease and desist,† and intensifiers such as actually. 19. Avoid cluttering content with definitions if possible, but if they’re necessary, locate them at or near the first reference to the term. If you must use a glossary, list terms alphabetically, and keep definitions succinct. Make sure that the definitions are consistent with the accepted meaning. 20. Use links wisely. If the title of a Web page is the destination, use the title as the link. The name of a website or an organization is best for directing people to that organization’s website. (Avoid generic link wording like â€Å"Click here† or More.) Links should be as short as possible while clearly indicating where they will lead; words or phrases are less obtrusive than entire sentences. Read this post about plain language, also known as plain English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good WithCapitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements20 Ways to Cry

Heat of Fusion Example Problem - Melting Ice

Heat of Fusion Example Problem - Melting Ice Heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of matter of a substance from a solid to a liquid. Its also known as enthalpy of fusion. Its units are usually Joules per gram (J/g) or calories per gram (cal/g). This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of energy required to melt a sample of water ice. Key Takeaways: Heat of Fusion for Melting Ice Heat of fusion is the amount of energy in the form of heat that is needed to change the state of matter from a solid to a liquid (melting).The formula to calculate heat of fusion is: q m ·ÃŽâ€HfNote that the temperature does not actually change when matter changes state, so its not in the equation or needed for the calculation.Except for melting helium, heat of fusion is always a positive value. Heat of Fusion Problem - Melting Ice What is the heat in Joules required to melt 25 grams of ice? What is the heat in calories?Useful information: heat of fusion of water 334 J/g 80 cal/gSolution: In the problem, the heat of fusion is given. This isnt a number youre expected to know off the top of your head. There are chemistry tables that state common heat of fusion values.  To solve this problem, youll need the formula that relates heat energy to mass and heat of fusion:q m ·ÃŽâ€Hfwhereq heat energym massΔHf heat of fusion Keep in mind, temperature is not anywhere in the equation because it doesnt change when matter changes state. The equation is straightforward, so the key is to make sure youre using the right units for the answer. To get heat in Joules:q (25 g)x(334 J/g)q 8350 JIts just as easy to express the heat in terms of calories:q m ·ÃŽâ€Hfq (25 g)x(80 cal/g)q 2000 calAnswer:The amount of heat required to melt 25 grams of ice is 8350 Joules or 2000 calories. Note, heat of fusion should be a positive value (the exception is helium). If you get a negative number, check your math!

Field_Trip_to_L_auberge_Casino_Resort Lake Charles, Louisiana Essay

Field_Trip_to_L_auberge_Casino_Resort Lake Charles, Louisiana - Essay Example Mr. Kirk also showed us the hotel’s villia sweet room and explained us how the rooms are managed. There are more than 1000 rooms in the hotel and the sweet rooms cost anywhere between $40,000 and $100,000. The tables in the casino had all kinds of games to entertain the guests. I found the resort quite well-equipped and I expected it to be so since this was what we were told in the class. There was every amenity a guest could ask for. Especially, the spa was magnificent. Although the spa was available at a very reasonable rate, yet unfortunately I had too less time to book a massage. I was upon a school trip, so all I could have was little fun around the place. The casino was splendid. I found a variety of cuisines at the restaurants. I would particularly like to recommend the appetizer sampler at the Jack Daniels restaurant to anyone planning to go there. Since the weather was very cold, so I could not have a swim into the pool, but that is due for next time for sure. One of the aspects of the field trip that I disliked was that in place of a rake, the poker players in the casino were charged $7 for 30 minutes of game at the table. I was surprised because in the class, we were told that the casino offers a variety of games at reasonable prices, but I found many of them unreasonably high. This price was unbelievably higher than most of the best casinos around that I have experienced playing in before. I also noticed that although the rooms were well-furnished and aesthetically decorated, yet the rooms were not kept up nicely. I noticed stains on some pieces of the furniture as well as some portions of the carpet particularly those that were behind the doors. Probably the house-cleaners clean the main areas but leave the corners. Some shaddy looking characters I saw inside the casino caught my attention. However, the workout facility was excellent. This field trip experience was as informative and educative as it was interesting and enjoyable.

Discussion Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion - Dissertation Example However, most of the research studies have their own limitations and therefore there is a long way to go before Cyber crime can be completely controlled and eliminated altogether. The reasons that make us more vulnerable to cyber crime are that the larger population has become totally dependent on the Internet and are prone to divulge personal details, confidential matter, sensitive data and such information that in turn becomes harmful to members and the society if it reaches the wrong hands. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) cyber-crime involves and encourages piracy and intellectual theft and impacts upon the economy of the country in many different ways. From this discussion, I have learned a lot and realize the enormity and dangers involved in Cyber Crime. I also strongly feel that the Government should take stringent action against people involved in cyber-crime. Creating awareness among the general public about the nature and execution of cyber-crime would help them to become more alert and careful when making use of the internet.

Gileadean regime Essay Example for Free

Gileadean regime Essay Explore the way in which Margaret Atwood presents Moira The Handmaids Tale. Refer closely to any literary and linguistic approaches where necessary. Within The Handmaids Tale Atwood presents us with many characters that are emotionally weak; Janine, Offred and even the Commander residing in the higher echelons of society all possess a deprivation of spirit brought about by the oppressive and restrictive nature of the Gileadean regime. In contrast to this we are presented with Moira and through her Atwood is able to create tension, conflict and a rebelliousness that is otherwise only seen in the recollections of Offreds mother. Moira acts as a representative for independence and liberty in the novel, she defies her oppressors and is seen by Offred as a role model that she finds impossible to aspire to. Moira constantly battles the status quo; she parades her lesbianism and manages on two occasions to defeat the system at the disgrace of the much-hated Aunts. She is confidant in both manner and speech. Dont move said Moira or Ill stick it all the way in The boldness of this imperative paired with the violent connotations attached to the  verb stick gives Moira the sinister tone she needs to intimidate Aunt Elizabeth. Moira is portrayed as an activist, she does not merely contemplate the possibilities of freedom as Offred does and Offred recognizes this with dissatisfaction as she muses the prospect of what she can do with the fan that she has been given. If I were Moira I would know how tot take it apart, reduce it to its cutting edges. I have no screwdriver but if I were Moira I could do it without a screwdriver. Im not Moira. This quote clearly outlines the practical nature of Moira juxtapositioned with the more theoretical approach that we would associate with Offred who loathes herself for it. The syntactic parallelism If I were Moira but if I were Moira points to the irony that Moira, in the same situation as Offred could use the fan to aid her escape. When we first learn of Moiras disappearance in chapter 22 we are not fully informed as to the details of her flight; the thought of Moiras freedom made the other Handmaids feel dizzy. Atwood purposely withholds this information to let the reader share in this feeling of suspense; the mystery surrounding Moira at this point  enhances her charisma. Offred recalls the Handmaids feeling a sense of victory over the aunts; Moira had shown that they could be defeated and so easily too, through Moiras actions the Aunts power was diminished. Having belittled the enemy she is seen to have great power, Offred refers to her as a loose woman a clichi connoting sexual freedom but cleverly a second implication of the characters unbridled power now that she is free. When Moira escapes, the future seems to hold promise for the Handmaids. The thought of what Moira could do now that she is free gives them a sense of presence, a  pressure reaching its climatic point. Moira was like an elevator with open sides. She made us dizzy This simile poses threat and the sense of freedom that Moiras escape gives the other women. Much of Moiras character is revealed to us through direct speech; This is a loony bin, Moira said. Im so glad to see you, I said Where can we talk? said Moira. The used of direct address here brings the reader closer to the story and builds tension and suspense through the feeling that they are present at the time of conversation. The colloquialism loony-bin reveals that Moira is a non-conformist; Atwood  creatively uses her as a reminiscence of the time before. Moiras interrogative response Where can we talk? conveys that Moira does not linger over sentimentalities as Offred would; it shows that she is active rather than passive. The clipped syntax reflects the rushed exchange of spoken discourse giving a nervous quality to both characters and reminding the reader of the volatile situation that the Handmaids are in. Moira is incredibly blas throughout the novel; her nonchalance shows even in her response to working at Jezebels which will lead to an impending death in the Colonies. Youd have three or four good years before your snatch wears out and they send you to the bone-yard. The vulgarity of the expletive snatch corresponding with the verb wears describes the female body in a manufactured way, dispensable for male pleasure and just as easily disposed of. It is this taboo language that Atwood uses to familiarize us with Moira. Her reference to the Colonies as the bone-yard is further evidence of Moiras ability to perceive things in a brutally realistic way. The fact that she is graphically aware of the inevitable doom she faces and does not react over-  sentimentally show Moiras unwavering courage. When Offred reflect on her student life in the time before we see that Moiras attitude to sex was then just as relaxed and liberal as it is under the Gileadean rule Im giving an under-whore party Tarts stuff, lace crotches, snap garters. Bras that push your tits up Here the three-part list indicates the casual attitude that Moira has towards sex, she is comfortable with her sexuality and her taboo language reflects this. The portmanteau under-whore adds humour to Moiras character and so contrasts with the present  where humour is essentially forbidden. Moira is irreverent and shows contempt to every aspect of injustice; Camaraderie shit How much do you want to bet shes got Janine down on her knees I bet she got her working away on that dried up, hairy old withered This quote is evidence of Moiras iconoclastic beliefs; there is a linguistic shock between the positive noun Camaraderie and the negative expletive noun shit. This shows the complete disrespect that Moira has for those who blindly follow the theocratic regime. Offred sees her irreverence as a source of power. There is something in the whispering of obscenities about those in power it deflates them, reduces them to the common denominator where they can be dealt with. Here Atwood uses visual language comparing those in power to something that can be deflated. This gives connotations of a balloon filled with air and its course is therefore precarious and fickle as to where it could blow. This is allegorical to the regime; Atwood makes the point that wherever there is oppression there is unavoidable rebellion. Moira sees through all aspects of the regime with explicit cynicism, in Jezebels she  analyses the actions of all the men in power with insulting accuracy. Its like screwing on the altar, your gang are supposed to be such chaste vessels they like to see you all painted up. Just another crummy power trip The pre-modifier crummy reduces the Commanders who perceive themselves as omnipotent to mere perverts. The use of the expletive screwing is further evidence of Moiras iconoclastic views. The use of the collective noun all painted up reduces the Commanders desires to petit and perverse, there is a linguistic shock to aid Moiras criticism in the antithesis of screwing and chaste vessels. Through Moira Atwood reminds us that Jezebels is a prescribed reality for those in power. The architects of this new society who claim their actions were to protect women from the world by eradicating pornography and prostitution are now seen as absolute hypocrites. Jezebels exposes the hypocrisy of the men who prate about sexual morality and then spend their evenings sleeping with prostitutes in a club, purpose built. The most poignant aspect of the novel is realised through the change in Moira. In their last encounter Offred learns that the spirit of both Moira and her mother, both  figures of transgression and resistance in the Handmaids life, have been broken. Throughout the novel, Atwood has set up a heroine in the eyes of both the Handmaid and the reader who believe that if there is to be a fortunate end to this grim tale then it will be accomplished through Moira. In their last meeting at Jezebels we disappointingly realise that this is not so; She is frightening me now because what I hear in her voice is indifference and a lack of volition. It is the abstract nouns indifference and volition that indicate the chance in Moira, the woman who, in times of need, Offred looked to as a source of hope has now become just like her, instead of embodying defiance Moira now embodies Gileads ability to crush even the strongest of spirits. I dont want to be like her as far as something I lack. Give in, go along, save her skin I want swash-buckling heroism from her, single handed combat. Something I lack. This three-part syndetic list describes Offred who has romanticised and projected on to Moira the qualities she wished she possessed and is here, along with the reader, sorely mistaken. I dont know how she ended Because I never saw her again What has happened to Moira is an anticlimax; we do not expect to be left unknowing, the novel now seems closer to real life than fiction and this brings the starkness of Offreds reality to the readers attention. Moiras spiritual demise and erasure is an elaboration of the full force of oppression Margaret Atwood presents us with, once a courageous, outspoken woman has become a despondent pessimist with no hope of escaping Gilead. It is this change in Moira that makes us realise the true awfulness of the situation so many women in the novel are in.

Hoops and Dreams :: Professional Sports College NBA Essays

Hoops and Dreams Sarah Hughs, Landon Donovan, and Venus Williams, are three of the most recognized athletes in their respective sport. These three athletes are proven champions and have the Olympic medals and championship trophies to prove it. However when one talks about these three athletes their age is rarely the topic of discussion. Each turned professional by their teens, and yet nobody complains about this fact. In leagues such as the NBA and NFL they frown upon high school graduates entering their league. Both leagues have this unwritten rule where eligibility to join the league starts after your sophomore year in college. Profound talent should not be held back; the question to â€Å"go pro† for a high school graduate should be decided upon by the athlete. College is a great way of figuring out what you are and what you want to become. People who are against those who turn professional at an early age say that education should be a top of their list of priorities. â€Å"Education and college prepares you for a life outside of sports†, states a columnist from brainevent.com. I too am a firm believer in this, and I also believe that children should continue their education as long as possible. Getting educated helps better your life and molds you into a well rounded person. Although College is a life changing experience it is not for everybody, and no one should be forced into attending it. Whether you choose to go to College, work, or enter the NBA should be up to you. As Americans, it is our right and freedom to be able to choose this. James Anderson from shoutoutsports.com points out that, â€Å"If a kid doesn’t want to go to college what purpose would it serve for him to go? Take a look at the football players who were running around for several years without even a 1.0 grade point average.† This quote basically states that athletes have a mindset of, â€Å"why am I here, when I can be making millions doing what I love?† Half the reason why colleges want you to attend their school is because they know you’re good. Colleges know that you’re going to turn professional eventually, and you’ll be a big star. Superstars have fans, and fans want to know everything about you; even what college you attended. In esse nce you are a star and so is the school that produced you.

Media’s Influence on Civil Rights Movement Essay

â€Å"The brutality with which official would have quelled the black individual became impotent when it could not be pursued with stealth and remain unobserved. It was caught—as a fugitive from a penitentiary is often caught—in gigantic circling spotlights. It was imprisoned in a luminous glare revealing the naked truth to the whole world† – Martin Luther King (8, Kasher) The media controls the way the public views a controversial event. It can create the illusion that everything is perfect by leaving out important information, or can reveal the deplorable truth as the media did during the Civil Rights Movement. It was not always that way though, during the Colonial Era the media glossed over the brutality African Americans faced. It was not until the photography and recorders were invented that the media could really no longer deny the awful reality of the African Americans’ lives. With the Civil Rights Movement as an example, the media has evolved into a more reliable source. As history goes on, African Americans are being reported on more truthfully; the media has evolved into a more objective source containing more factual information. During 1700s, blacks were dehumanized and treated as animals; they cooked, gathered and did anything their master ordered. When they finally took a stance and decided to revolt they were lynched. Yet, in the eyes of the media whites were the heroes. Instead of reporting on the revolts with objectivity, the reporters commonly asserted their opinions into the articles, â€Å"In the past white news media ignored positive images of African American life† (10, Kasher). No matter what the incident was the â€Å"white man† always was superior. Through the media’s perspective, the whites were harmless and superior to the blacks. In an article from the Colonial Era when the slave revolts occurred the slaves were portrayed to be villains. The article stated, â€Å"They conspired to murder all the Christians here and by that means thinking to obtain their Freedom†¦ [They] put their bloody design in Execution and setting fire to a House, they stood prepared with Arms to kill everybody that approach’d to put it out and accordingly barbarously murdered the following persons that were running to the fire†¦This has put us into no small Consternation the whole Town being under Arms† (Boston News Letter, April 14, 1712). Besides objectivity, the article failed to inform the public of the brutalities the slaves faced everyday. Never did the article state what happened to the slaves after the incident either. However, when slavery was abolished the black man was not always viewed as the villain. Nonetheless they were definitely not treated equally compared to whites, which fueled their fight for equal rights. Without the media, the Civil Rights Movement would have never been successful. The pictures and videos of the violence the blacks tolerated from white supremacists helped their cause because the photos and videos were undeniable. No longer were the black people viewed as villains. â€Å"Scenes unthinkable to Americans as American were shown to America and all the world. Public Sympathy and financial support, as well as political backing, flowed to movement organizations† (8 Kasher). The Emmett Till Case was an amazing example of this, the Jet and Chicago Defender (both leading periodicals), reported on the story. The papers both included a picture of his swollen face as the aftermath of his horrific death. His case would transform the minds of many during that decade. From the attention the pictures of Emmett Till caused, the media recognized that shocking pictures made people want to read the articles. Also, the newspapers could not produce fake pictures, which forced them to be more truthful in their stories (Kasher 8). Currently, racism is still an issue in the United States but the press has helped bring awareness to the issue. For example, there are multiple blogs on how the world is still segregated even though there are no laws to support it. With the rise Internet, anyone is able to blog about their opinion on something or bring attention to a problem that is not being covered in the media. According to the book Blog! by David Kline and Dan Burstein, the average writer is over forty, which means there is not a lot of new and fresh ideas brought to the table for newspapers and magazines (373 Kline and Burstein). However, with the new and upcoming trend of blogging there are a variety of opinions and ideas. Also, social networking has enabled people to communicate faster and it’s harder for the government or press to hide certain information from the public in order for our countries reputation to be protected. In respect to racism and how the media reports on it, our country still has a long way to go but has come far. There are still the inevitable reports about African Americans being in gangs and shootings; however there are also stories of African Americans doing amazing things like becoming president. As the press learned during the Civil Rights Movement, people react more to shocking news so that’s probably why there is so many negative events that are broadcasted over the television and newspapers. The Internet has enabled the press to have more accurate and timely stories. The media has evolved into a more reliable source especially compared to Colonial Era. Also with all activity on the Internet the press is no longer the only source of information that the public can receive. That forces the media to be more truthful and value their reader’s trust.

Needs Theories

1. INTRODUCTION Motivation is an important element in organizational learning due to its ability to enable employees to function effectively. There are several theories of motivation which can be useful to managers in motivating employees of organizations. You may ask yourself what motivation is. Well, motivation is that drive you have within you to get something done, what drives you to work as much as you do, for example, a student will want an A in a test, he will be motivated to study hard and achieve that A.It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. Motivation stems from psychological factors within the person, but can also be induced by factors in the workplace. In human resource management it is essential to know how workers inputs via their task inputs and inputs via superiors can be conductive to worker effectiveness. Motivation is a process that involves the purposiveness of behaviour. Factors that have been shown by research include externa l and internal activators.In this assignment we will outline important motivation theories and how they are used in the workplace. Motivation theories seek to 2. MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS Peoples’ needs are arranged according to its importance of human survival. Human needs may be placed in a hierarchy where the lowest level contains the most basic needs, which must be satisfied before the higher order needs emerge and become motivators of behaviour. The needs of the hierarchy are as follows, psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego/esteem needs and self-actualization needs.Psychological needs: These are the basic needs for a human which are essential for a human beings biological functioning and survival. Examples would be food, water and warmth. Employees who are adequately paid can provide for these needs. Safety needs: As soon as the psychological needs are satisfied, another level of needs emerge and the importance of the previous level of needs disappear. In this level a person looks for security, stability and a safe environment. Many employees’ most important need is job security; other security factors include increases in salary and benefits.Social needs: Once a person feels secure in their surroundings and are in control of possible threats, social needs are activated. These include the need for love, acceptance, friendship and a sense of belonging. At this level, employees desire social relationships inside and outside the organization. Peer group acceptance within the workplace is often an important psychological need for employees. Ego/esteem needs: These needs may be divided into two groups namely, self- respect and self-esteem, the respect and approval of others.Once employees form friendships the need for self-esteem becomes priority. Needs, such as self-confidence, independence, recognition, appreciation and achievement all fall under this level. Organizational factors such as job title, status items within the organ ization, such as parking spaces or office size and level of responsibility become important to the employee. Self- actualization: If all the above mentioned needs are largely satisfied, people than spend their time searching for opportunities to apply their skills to the best of their ability.Maslow describes the needs as the desire to become more and more what one is and to become everything one is capable of becoming. Self-actualization is the uninhibited expression of your true self and your talents. Employees seek challenging and creative jobs to achieve self-actualization. This theory has many implications for individual performance, the most common strategy being motivating people in terms of service benefits and job security. The work people do and the way the work environment is designed, increases interaction between employees which helps satisfy social needs.However, disadvantages pertaining to this may result in excessive socialization and may have a negative effect on th e employees work output (NEL P. S et al,2004). If a person’s work is directly associated with need satisfaction, then that person becomes self-regulating, making the roles of external incentives become less significant as motivators. As one level of need is met, a person moves onto the next level of need as a source of motivation. Hence, people progress up the hierachy as they successively gratify each level if need(Nelson Q, 2011) (http://upload. ikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs. png) 3. HERTZBURGS TWO FACTOR THEORY Herzberg's Two Factor Theory is a â€Å"content theory† of motivation† (the other main one is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs). Herzberg analysed the job attitudes of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked to recall when they had felt positive or negative at work and the reasons why. From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction, these were hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene Factors:Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid dissatisfaction at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include: * Company policy and administration * Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration * Quality of supervision * Quality of inter-personal relations * Working conditions * Feelings of job security Motivator Factors: Motivator factors are based on an individual's need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction.If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: * Status * Opportunity for advancement * Gaining recognition * Responsibility * Challenging / stimulating work * Sense of personal achievement & personal growth in a job There is some similarity between Herzberg's and Maslow's models. Th ey both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e. g. elf-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed. Applying Hertzberg's model to de-motivated workers These few examples indicate de-motivated employees in the workplace: * Low productivity * Poor production or service quality * Strikes / industrial disputes / breakdowns in employee communication and relationships * Complaints about pay and working conditions According to Herzberg, management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect.He suggested three ways in which this could be done: * Job enlargement: It is a human resource practice used to motivate employees in a particular position. A job is enlarged horizontally through the addition of new responsibilities and diverse duties. * Job rotation: A system of working in which employees work in a range of jobs in a company so that they have different types of work to do and understand the organization better, it can help employers by keeping employees from getting bored and looking for another job. Job enrichment: Motivating employees through expanding job responsibilities and giving increased control over the total production process. Employees normally receiving training and additional support as well as increased input in procuderes. 4. VROOMS EXPECTANCY MOTIVATION THEORY Whereas Maslow and Herzberg look at the relationship between internal needs and the resulting effort expended to fulfil them, Vroom's expectancy theory separates effort (which arises from motivation), performance, and outcomes.Vroom's expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Vroom realized that an employee's performance is based on individual factors such as persona lity, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. He stated that effort, performance and motivation are linked in a person's motivation. He uses the variables Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence to account for this. Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance i. e. f I work harder then this will be better. This is affected by such things as: 1. Having the right resources available (e. g. raw materials, time) 2. Having the right skills to do the job 3. Having the necessary support to get the job done (e. g. supervisor support, or correct information on the job) Instrumentality is the belief that if you perform well that a valued outcome will be received. The degree to which a first level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. i. e. if I do a good job, there is something in it for me. This is affected by such things as: 1.Clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes – e. g. the rules of the reward â €˜game' 2. Trust in the people who will take the decisions on who gets what outcome 3. Transparency of the process that decides who gets what outcome Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome. For the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example, if someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value offers of additional time off.The theory has three key elements or concepts that it uses: 1. Performance-outcome expectancy: This means that the individual belives that every behaviour is connected to an outcome, and different levels of that behaviour can be connected to different levels of the outcome. 2. Value: With regard to that, the attractiveness of that outcome depends on the individual, for one, the outcome may be a highly values reward whereas for another, it could be perceived as a punishment. 3. Effort-Performance expectancy: Lastly, individuals evealuate the effort-pe rformance expectancy relationship.In essence, the employee asks himself whether he will be able to perform a specific task and translates those perceptions to probabilies of success. He or she then chooses the behaviours' that have the highest likelihood of success. Crucially, Vroom's expectancy theory works on perceptions, so even if an employer thinks they have provided everything appropriate for motivation, and even if this works with most people in that organisation, it doesn't mean that someone won't perceive that it doesn't work for them. It could equally apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome.For example, one recycles paper because they think it's important to conserve resources and take a stand on environmental issues (valence); they think that the more effort they put into recycling the more paper they will recycle (expectancy); and they think that the more paper they recycle then less resources will be used (instrumentalit y). Thus, Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation is not about self-interest in rewards but about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes. 5. ADAMS EQUITY THEORYJohn Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioural psychologist, put forward his Equity Theory on job motivation in 1963. There are similarities with interpretation of previous simpler theories of Maslow, Herzberg and other pioneers of workplace psychology, in that the theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect each individual's assessment and perception of their relationship with their work, and thereby their employer. One of the most important issues in motivation is how people view their contributions to the organization and what they get from it.Ideally, they will view their relationship with the employer as a well-balanced, mutually beneficial exchange. As peope work, they realize their consequences of their actions, develop beliefs about outcomes and asses how fairly the organization treats them(Snell A. S. & Batemen T. S 1999, Management:Building Competetive Advantage). The Adams' Equity Theory model therefore extends beyond the individual self, and incorporates influence and comparison of other people's situations – for example colleagues and friends – in forming a comparative view and awareness of Equity, which commonly manifests as a sense of what is fair.When people feel fairly or advantageously treated they are more likely to be motivated, when they feel unfairly treated they are highly prone to feelings of disaffection and demotivation. The way that people measure this sense of fairness is at the heart of Equity Theory. Equity, and thereby the motivational situation we might seek to assess using the model, is not dependent on the extent to which a person believes reward exceeds effort, nor even necessarily on the belief that reward exceeds effort at all.Rather, Equity, and the sens e of fairness which commonly underpins motivation, is dependent on the comparison a person makes between his or here reward/investment ratio with the ratio enjoyed (or suffered) by others considered to be in a similar situation. Equity Theory reminds us that people see themselves and crucially the way they are treated in terms of their surrounding environment, team, system, etc – not in isolation – and so they must be managed and treated accordingly.Some people reduce effort and application and become inwardly disgruntled, or outwardly difficult, recalcitrant or even disruptive. Other people seek to improve the outputs by making claims or demands for more reward, or seeking an alternative job. 6. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY A theory of human needs more advanced than Maslow’s theory is Alderfers ERG theory, meaning that Maslows theory has general applicability whereas Adelfer aims his theory at understanding peoples needs at work.Aldelfers theory builds on some of Maslows thinking but reduces the number of universal needs from five to three and is more flexible in terms of movememy in levels. Like Maslow, Alderfer also believes that needs can be arranged in a heirachy. The ERG theory infers that there are three sets of needs: * Extintence needs are all material and psychological desires. * Relatedness needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings. Growth needs motivate people to productivity or creatively change themselves or their environment. ERG theory proposes that several needs can be operating at once, whereas Maslow assumes that lower-level needs must be satisfied begore a higher-level need is a motivator. Alderfer lifts this restiction. Accordning to the ERG theory, a higher-level need can be a motivator even if a lower-level need is not fully satisfied, hence several needs can be operating at once. Maslow would say that self-actualization is important to people only after other sets of needs are satisfied.Aldelfer maintains that people can be motivated to satisfy both existence and growth needs at the same time. Alderfer agrees that as lower level needs are satisfied, a worker becomes motivated to satisfy higher-level needs, but he breaks down with Maslow on the consequences of need-frustration. Maslow says that once a lower-level need is satisfied, it is no longer a source of motivation, whereas Alderfer suggests that when an individual is motivated to satisfy a higher-level need but has difficulty doing so, the motivation to satisfy lower-level needs becomes higher.To see how this works, lets look at a middle manager in a manufacturing firm whose relatedness needs(lower-lvel needs) are satidfied. The manager is currently motivated to try and satisfy her growth needs but finds this difficult to do so as she has been in the same position for the past five years. She is extremely skilled and knowlegable about the job and the fact that she has too much work and responsibiliies already leave her no time to pursue anything new or exciting. Essentially, the managers motivation to satisfy her growth needs are being frustrated because of the nature of her job.Alderfer postulates that this frustration will increase the managers motivation to satsfy a lower-levelneed such as relatedness. As a result of this motivation, the manager becomes more concerned about interpersonal relations at work and continually seeks honest feedback from her colleagues. Both Maslows and Alderfers theories have practical value in that they remind managers the type of reinforcers or rewards that can be used to motivate people. (http://www. envisionsoftware. com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory. gif) 7. McCLELLANDS NEEDS THEORY The theory was developed by David McClelland and his associates.It focuses on three needs, achievement, power and affiliation. Achievement is characterized by a strong orientation towards accomplishment and an obession wit h success and goal attainment. It is a drive to excel and to achieve set standards. Challening work motivates them and they take personal responsibility for success or failure. They like to set goals that require stretching themselves a little and have a drive to succeed, they strive for achievement rather than rewards. They wish to do something better or more efficiently than it has been done before.The people with this need look for situations where they can attain peronal responsibility for finding solutions to problems , in which they can get quick feedback of their performance so they can determine whether they are improving or not. This helps them to set their goals. The need for power is a desire to influence or contol other people. This need can be a negetive force which is termed personalizes power, if its expressed through aggressive minipulation and exploiting others, these people want power only to achieve their own personal goals.However the need for power can also be s een in a positive manner which is called socialized power because it can be be conducted towards the constructive improvement of organizations ans societies. It is basically the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. Individuals with a high need of power prefer to be placed into competitive and status-orientated situations and tend to be more concerned with prestige than with effective performance. Affiliation reflects a strong desire to be liked by other people such as your colleagues nd anoyone you may be working with. Individuals who have a high level of this need are more orientated towards getting along with others and may be less concerned with performing at high levels. These types of individuals are usually very social and friendly. The need for affliation is not important for management and leadership success as one would find it difficult to make tough but necessary decisions which will make some people unhappy. They prefer cooperat ive situations rather than competitive ones and desire relationships that involve a high degree of mutual understanding. . McGREGORS THEORY OF X AND Y Douglas McGreggors theory of X and Y is a management based style of theory that tries to expalin different management styles and leadership behaviour within the workplace. McGreggor proposed that the organizations leaders and the organization as a whole has different views on the skills and motivation of the employees of the organization. These potential views can be described as Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X With Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees. People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. * People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives. * People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition. * People seek security above all else. Theory Y With Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. * Work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy). * Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. * People learn to accept and seek responsibility. * Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. * People have potential. McGreggor did not see these theories as mutually exclusive and believed that managers could use these theories simultaneously.He compared his theory with Maslow’s where he put Maslow's higher needs and Theory X together and lower needs to Theory X. This proposes that people who are seeking higher needs, such as self-actualization, are motivated by a Theory Y lead er, whereas people who don’t have work-related needs are motivated by Theory X leadership style. 9. CONCLUSION In conclusion, It is therefore essential for organizations to look for and employ people who â€Å"fit† into the values of the organization and are able to function according to organizational values.Organizations must also have suitable managers who have the ability to coach and mentor their employees to deliver optimally. Enhanced leadership enables managers to motivate their employees to produce the best possible skills and practices in human resources. Research confirms the importance of motivation in leading employees and influencing them to stimulate and energize people so that they â€Å"work towards organizational goals†. Researchers have placed great importance on the responsibility of managers â€Å"to create a proper climate in which employees can develop to their fullest potential†.All these motivational theories have played a pivotal role in helping managers achieve the best results, and also helped undestand how important motivation is. Motivation thoeries give a broader explanation about how people perceive their work and lives, and how they use these insights to motivate themselves and grow, as people as well as in their jobs. 10. LIST OF REFERENCES NELSON, Q. (2011), Principles of Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition, Place: South-Western Cengage Learning LUTHANS, F. (1998), Organizational Behaviour, 8th Edition. Place: McGraw-Hill Irwin. GEORGE, J.M and JONES, G. R. (2002), Organizational Behaviour, 3rd Edition, Place:Prentice Hall. MULLENS, L. J( 2010),Management and Organizational Behaviour, 9th Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ANTHONY, W. P et al(1999), Human Resource Management: A strategic approach, 3rd Edition, Place: Hartcourt College Publishers. BERGH,Z and THERON,A. (2006). Psychology in the work context, 3rd Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ROBBINS, S. P. (2003). Organizational Behaviour, 10th Editi on. Place: Prentice Hall. ROSENFELD,R. H and WILSON,D. C(2004). Managing Organizations, 2nd Edition. Place: Oxford.

Health Policy in US

Health Policy in US Introduction This paper seeks to describe public policy in relation to the first source provided in which it explains the policy arena, the policy endpoints and the policy options, major political actors involved in the debate, how the political actors choose to influence political process and whether there is an attempt for the national strategy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Policy in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Public policy is a program of action already in effect or planned for implementation whose aim is to improve the situation of the public. Some of the components of public policy include; the methods for its implementation and specification of resources requirements, its relevance and guidelines for the said action and the rules and regulations prescribed to it. The arena of the health policy selected for this assignment is focused towards defining various strategies for strengthening govern ance, improving the allocation of resources, decentralization of the health services, shifting the resources from just the curative healthcare to preventive healthcare services, provision of the autonomy to provincial and national hospitals, enhancing collaboration with the stakeholders and implementing social and health insurance programs. The policy endpoints and policy options being discussed is the health care overhaul law and the legislative achievement of President Obama’s signature. The policy options here include; upholding the law by the justices, duck a definitive decision premature entirely and strike down its most controversial provisions. In the matter, the Supreme Court and President Obama are likely to give rise to the constitutional and political blockbuster (Liptak 1). The health policy here is however faced with various challenges that need be discussed by the political bigwigs. Some of the challenges include; lack of accountability, poor policy implementati on, the pressure from the United Nations, insufficient funds, lack of enough qualified staff and failure to embrace the health insurance by some groups. The policy endpoints are associated with certain factors that affect its formulation and implementation. Factors such as situational factors, structural factors, political culture, democratic factors and environmental factors hinder the course of policy action. The major political actors involved in the public debate of the health policy include the government, the media and the interest groups. Service providers, professional bodies and advocacy groups may be involved, but they majorly contribute in the policy planning process.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These political actors ensure that the policy is addressed in the best way possible. They do this by influencing the political process of the policy. These political actors choose to influence the policy process through lobby groups, media campaigns, propaganda mechanisms, and agents of socialization, agents of legitimacy and by playing key roles in the agenda setting (Warren, 100). The strategy does not play out inside the Beltway, but there is an attempt to come up with a national strategy that will ensure the process of health policy planning is done effectively. Some of the components of the national strategy suggested include; the visioning exercises, creation of the mission and goals, objective establishments, creating a monitoring plan, establishing strategic directions and developing a framework that will establish and monitor success. According to the national strategy to be established, a health policy planning should be done in the following steps; Perform an environmental scanning Set goals and directions Identify possible problems and challenges Identify range of possible solutions to the problems and challenges Determine the best possible solution from the suggested ones to implement Implement the chosen solution Evaluate the results of the implemented solution A plausible scenario for public policy change from the status quo would be the shift from the initial health policy framework to the current health policy. Initially, the health policy framework would ensure the equitable allocation of government resources in order to reduce disparities in the health status, increase cost effectiveness and cost efficiency of the allocation of the resources and use, the management of the growth of the population, enhancing the regulatory role of the government, creating and enabling the environment for the increased private sector and community involvement in the provision of the health services and increasing and diversifying the per capita finance flow in the health sector. This has however changed with the current health policy framework (Warren 102). Currently, the health policy framework is strengthening the cent ral public policy role of the state in health matters and concerns. Apart from that, the health policy framework does other things like adopting the explicit strategy in order to reduce the burden of disease among the population, shifting part of the financial burden to the insurance, generating increased levels of financial resources and strengthening local authorities, private and mission sectors that provide health services. In summary, this paper has described the public policy in relation to source one that was provided where it explained the policy endpoints, the policy arena and the policy options, major political actors involved in the debate, how the political actors choose to influence political process and whether there is an attempt for the national strategy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Policy in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The major political actors involved in the public debate of th e health policy described in the paper include the government, the media and the interest groups. Service providers, professional bodies and advocacy groups may be involved, but they majorly contribute in the policy planning process. Liptak, Adam. Justices to Hear Health Care Case as Race Heats Up. Washington: New York Times Company, 2011 Warren, James. Liberal or Conservative: the problem is ignorance. New York: Lexis, 2011

Discussion # 8 and # 9 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion # 8 and # 9 - Research Paper Example Obama care will cover all the populace, but by 2016 there will still be 30 million uninsured Americans, but they will be mostly those who cannot afford insurance or private medical treatment and fall in the gaps (Gregory, 2013). A Harvard study established that at this rate a huge number between 26,000 to 37,000 Americans will die because of not receiving medical coverage (Gregory, 2013). The major stake holders are the Policy Makers, Health Care providers, pharmaceutical companies, American Nurses Association and the patients who will be subjected to the policy (Bright, 2013; beforeitsnews, 2013; Front, 2009; PBS, 2009). It has been argued that setting criteria for people to be eligible for insurance in not ethical and also the cost of the insurance can be a heavy burden with lesser provision; especially when the burden of the policy is falling in major on the tax payers (Vecchione, 2012). Rather than focusing on health assurance and disease prevention, the Affordable care act focuses on disease treatment. Although America invests $70 billion into health care every year, the annual life span of an individual is 60 to 70 years (Coburn, 2013). A proposal must be written to propagate healthy life style and living; should be forwarded in the city council meeting and discussed there (Anderson and Mcfarlane, 2011. pp. 123-125). The concerned health care givers and stake holders of the community should be involved in the process. Vaccination and annual complete checkup should be an integral part of the disease prevention policy. After the disease prevention policy has been formulated adoption by community health centres and agencies. Educational and awareness programs should be arranged for people and even concerned authorities. The agencies should ensure adoption by hospitals, care givers, care providing facilities and homes. Charts should be maintained and individuals informed of their upcoming checkups. Monitory penalty in form of health neglect should be

Hrm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hrm - Essay Example Shifting of skills that permit completion of tasks in the organization can only be possible through training. This is an explanation of the fact that the employees are able to acquire new dexterities that increase their knowledge in business; thus, an expansion in their career expertise. If this happens to all employees, then it is worth arguing that the entire organization will be effective if training is well done. According to Caple &Buckley (2009), learning and development allows the organizations attain their goals and objectives since the employees have been properly directed on the dos and dons of the business. The human resource department, in this case, must take up the role of training very seriously by evaluating the key sectors of the organization that needs improvement. The most important aspect is to assess the business environment, and then come up with actions that will lead to the employees take part in learner-oriented programs. The HR must then devise strategies that will lead to the employees being ambassadors of change in the organization. These strategies must, however, be in line with the organization’s goals. In relation to the study conducted by John (2002), training and development in the workplace offers a great opportunity for the business to have a working environment, both internally and externally. In the course of learning, the employees are able to learn from their fellow employees on the requirements of the changing business environment. Externally, the HR manager exposes the employees to new skills in the business world by enlightening them on the new business requirements. This can be done by sponsoring the employees to workshops and seminars that boost their careers. In the long run, both the individuals and the organization benefit from the training programs. Though at times many businesses are

Human Resource Management. Toyota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human Resource Management. Toyota - Essay Example Further the Personnel Management functions of the concern also focus on enhancing the dimensions of awareness and development of existing operating methods for people relating to the administrative and engineering department. In that the individuals are encouraged to enhance their operation knowledge through the use of self study programs. The personnel managers at Toyota also incorporate the system of flexibility at work to reduce the element of work stress. Moreover the people at different levels along with the management staff of the company are continually empowered to take decisions on their own while incorporating the elements of creativity and innovation to transform or revolutionize the existing organisational environment (Hino, 2006, p.152). Human Resource Management at Toyota Human Resources Management initiatives of the company firstly focus on integrating the employees both at the individual and at the group level with the organisation in total. Thus welfare and development of the individual people in the concern are taken as an integral part in meeting the large organisational goals of the concern. Further the human resource managers also focus on enhancing the commitment level of the people in meeting the objectives of the concern. Moreover the human resources management practices in Toyota also render enhanced focus on the system of adaptability through the process of job rotations wherein an individual is required to perform different roles in the organisational setting. Management at Toyota also introduces several benchmarks to evaluate and appraise the performances of the individuals in terms of processes followed and achievements gained. Initiatives like conducting employee appraisals depending on benchmarks and thereby augmenting their pay scale s based on such along with development of communication activities through the mode of briefings and cross-departmental trainings contribute in the total development of the people involved in the operations of the concern (Toyota, 2003). Human Resource Management and Organisational Objectives of Toyota The Human Resources Management processes in Toyota focus more on training the organizational people to develop their potencies to render effective servicing and in enhancing the quality aspects in terms of the services and products generated and produced. To fulfil the goals of

Toyota's strategy for production efficiency Essay

Toyota's strategy for production efficiency - Essay Example ler’s end worked hand in hand to develop the sienna minivan so that in return Toyota could provide the much needed production values and techniques as far as automobile manufacturing was concerned, to Chrysler. This was seen as a one-off exercise, aimed at bridging the gap between Chrysler and Toyota, since each one of these companies was willing to learn a thing or two from the other’s realms. Chrysler was ready to share the information because it sought the help of Toyota in manufacturing the automobiles when it came to state of the art production techniques (Clifford 1998). Chrysler wanted to touch the benchmark in the industry and for that it was ready to go in an all-out fashion and work with the key automobile manufacturer, so that the benefits were mutual in the end. This was a very important merger for the two automobile manufacturers as the link provided for understanding each other’s strengths in their meticulous areas of expertise. Chrysler was willing to share its minivan know-how as it wanted to acquire the best of manufacturing skills and techniques, which is a very good initiative by the Chrysler make. In the end, the result was a win-win situation for everyone as quality was improved at both sides. 2. Many companies seek to cut costs and improve quality by introducing techniques such as just-in-time and quality circles. The results, however, often fall short of those achieved at Toyota. Why do you think this is the case? The results are usually lesser than expected. This is because the estimates are always based on the best practices but the on ground realities are usually different. The just-in-time and related quality mechanisms bank on the provision of quality at all costs, however what these processes forget is the fact that this is not always possible to reach new height and break fresh grounds. The companies thus have a hard time dealing with the improvement in quality and these techniques are not given much room to be exploited in the

Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities

Understanding Cultural and Ethnic Identities Language is an important part of being humans. Being able to communicate with each other and not other animals differentiates us from other animals. This unique characteristic of being humans also is a cause of diversity in our cultural and ethnic identity. From birth we are trained to learn a basic language but as we grow older we pick up languages from our environment in our quest to become accepted by the dominant population. At least that is how I see it. To have an in-depth view of this research paper, we have to define what language, cultural and ethnic identities are. According to Merriam-Webster, language is defined as a systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings and the combination of methods to be understood by a community (2011). On the other hand cultural identity is the influence of ones culture on the development of identity. Individualist cultures stress the importance of personal achievement and independence. For example, although many Americans, identify with their Irish, West African, Chinese, or Mexican roots (among many others), they still call themselves Americans. Ethnic identity is the extent to which one identifies with a particular ethnic group(s). it refers to ones sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of ones thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior that is due to an ethnic group membership. The next ten pages will see me go through how language marks our cultural and ethnic identity using my own experience as an African. I was born in Ibadan, Nigeria. Ibadan was the capital of the Oyo Empire and still is the capital of the modern Oyo state. I identity myself first as a Nigerian, and a Yoruba, but that isnt how it was about some 200 years ago. Before the nineteenth century no one was called a Yoruba. The peoples of southwestern Nigeria, the Benin Republic, and Togo who are today referred to by scholars as the Yoruba were, until the late 19th century, organized into a series of some 15 to 20 independent states. (Christopher) These political entities were similar but different. The Oyo Empire oversaw all the political entities and therefore the culture of this people were similar they spoke in a similar language but in different dialect. North-West Yoruba is historically a part of the à ¡Ã‚ »Ã…’yà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  Empire. In NWY dialects, Proto-Yoruba /gh/ (the velar fricative [É £]) and /gw/ have merged into /w/; the upper vowels /i ÃÅ' £/ and /à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥/ were raised and merged with /i/ and /u /, just as their nasal counterparts, resulting in a vowel system with seven oral and three nasal vowels. Ethnographically, traditional government is based on a division of power between civil and war chiefs; lineage and descent are unilineal and agnatic. South-East Yoruba was probably associated with the expansion of the Benin Empire after c. 1450 AD. In contrast to NWY, lineage and descent are largely multilineal and cognatic, and the division of titles into war and civil is unknown. Linguistically, SEY has retained the /gh/ and /gw/ contrast, while it has lowered the nasal vowels /à ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹n/ and /à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥n/ to /à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹n/ and /à ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n/, respectively. SEY has collapsed the second and third person plural pronominal forms; thus, à  n à ¡n wà ¡ can mean either you (pl.) came or they came in SEY dialects, whereas NWY for example has à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¹ wà ¡ you (pl.) came and wà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ÃƒÅ' n wà ¡ they came, respectively. The emergence of a plural of respect may have prevented coalescence of the two in NWY dialects. Central Yoruba forms a transitional area in that the lexicon has much in common with NWY, whereas it shares many ethnographical features with SEY. Its vowel system is the least innovating (most stable) of the three dialect groups, having retained nine oral-vowel contrasts and six or seven nasal vowels, and an extensive vowel harmony system. (Adetugbà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  1973) the term Yoruba is said to be given to Oyo Empire by the Hausas who originally called us yariba But as the Yoruba people changed from one political power to another, their identity became stronger. The Oyo themselves had adopted the designation Yoruba as a mode of self-reference by the early 19th century, a process probably encouraged by the high status associations of Hausa regal culture and Islam. (Christopher) and with the existence of colonialism and World War II the Yoruba ethnic group solidified to become what it is today. Yoruba give up from what was a group of political entities with different dialect to uniform tribe with a language Yorubas call Yoruba adugbo. The 15 20 dialects which were employed a long time ago became one language. Despite the fact that I come from two royal families of two different independent states with different dialects, I can only speak the common Yoruba language even my parent have had hard times trying to remember the individual dialects. As a Yoruba we have certain Norms which most of us are accustomed to for example when must prostrate when greeting elders, we must respect elders in every way possible. Also we are also known to be people who are well educated and successful for example, M.K.O. Abiola, Obafemi Awolowo and Wole Soyinka. This specific qualities gives Yorubas certain privileges with which being able to speak the language comes to an advantage. While I was still living in Nigeria, I discovered that people who could speak the Yoruba language were immediately considered as Yoruba and would receive any treatment that is due to a Yoruba. Even when I came to the United States, I went for a college interview and when she my saw my last name she just smiled and started speaking Yoruba to an already nervous me and the interview was a success as I felt comfortable in my native language. What I am trying to say is that when she saw my last name, her knowledge of the language helps her to identify me as someone of the same the tribe as herself and further more from my last name she was able to deduce what state I was from and communicate with me in an appropriate way. A similar case happened to me when I went to the beach last summer while walking I heard man speaking it was a man whom I didnt know from Adam but when he spoke Yoruba I could identify to be a Yoruba man and began to talk like we have known each other for a long time. Research has pointed to an interesting ethnic paradox in the United States. Despite many indications of weakening ethnic boundaries in the white American population (due to intermarriage, language loss, religious conversion or declining participation), a number of studies have shown a maintenance or increase in ethnic identification among whites This contradictory dualism is partly due to what Gans terms symbolic ethnicity, which is characterized by a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation, or that of the old country; a love for and pride in a tradition that can be felt without having to be incorporated in everyday behavior (Joane). Bakalian provides the example of Armenian Americans: For American-born generations, Armenian identity is a preference and being Armenian is a state of mind.One can say he or she is an Armenian without speaking Armenian, marrying an Armenian, doing business with Armenians, belonging to an Armenian church, joining Armenian voluntary associations, or participating in the events and activities sponsored by such organizations.(Joane ) While ethnicity is commonly viewed as biological in the United States (with its history of an obdurate ethnic boundary based on color), research has shown peoples conception of themselves along ethnic lines, especially their ethnic identity, to be situational and change- able. Barth (1969) first convincingly articulated the notion of ethnicity as mutable, arguing that ethnicity is the product of social ascriptions, a kind of labeling process engaged in by oneself and others. (Joane) As one language changes the their notion of ethnicity change a s we further learn According to Joane Nagel that with this perspective in mind, ones ethnic identity is a composite of the view one has of oneself as well as the views held by others about ones ethnic identity. As the individual (or group) moves through daily life, ethnicity can change according to variations in the situations and audiences encountered. Ethnic identity, then, is the result of a dialectical process involving internal and external opinions and processes, as well as the individuals self-identification and outsiders ethnic designations-i.e., what you think your ethnicity is, versus what they think your ethnicity is. Since ethnicity changes situationally, the individual carries a portfolio of ethnic identities that are more or less salient in various situations and with reference to various audiences. As audiences change, the socially-defined array of ethnic choices opens to the individual changes. This produces a layering of ethnic identities which combines with the ascriptive character of ethnicity to reveal the negotiated, problematic nature of ethnic identity. Ethnic Constructing Ethnicity 155 boundaries, and thus identities, are constructed by both the individual and group as well as by outside agents and organizations. Examples can be found in patterns of ethnic identification in many U.S. ethnic communities. For instance, Cornell (1988) and McBeth (1989) discuss various levels of identity available to Native Americans: sub tribal (clan, lineage, traditional), tribal (ethnographic or linguistic, reservation-based, official), regional (Oklahoma, California, Alaska, Plains), supra- tribal or pan-Indian (Native American, Indian, American Indian). Which of these identities a native individual employs in social interaction depends partly on where and with whom the interaction occurs. Thus, an American Indian might be a mixed-blood on the reservation, from Pine Ridge when speaking to someone from another reservation, a Sioux or Lakota when responding to the U.S. census, and Native American when interacting with non-Indians. Joane Nagel noted a similar layering of Latino or Hispanic ethnic identity, again reflecting both internal and external defining processes. An individual of Cuban ancestry may be a Latino in relation to non-Spanish-speaking ethnic groups, a Cuban-American with reference to o ther Spanish-speaking groups, a Marielito in relation to other Cubans, and white in relation to African Americans. The chosen ethnic identity is determined by the individuals perception of its meaning to different audiences, its salience in different social contexts, and its utility in different settings. For instance, intra- Cuban distinctions of class and immigration cohort may not be widely understood outside of the Cuban community since a Marielito is a Cuban or Hispanic to most Anglo-Americans. To a Cuban, however, immigration cohorts represent important political vintages, distinguishing those whose lives have been shaped by decades of Cuban revolutionary social changes from those whose life experiences have been as exiles in the United States. Others lack of appreciation for such ethnic differences tends to make certain ethnic identity choices useless and socially meaningless except in very specific situations. It underlines the importance of external validation of individual or group ethnic boundaries. An ethnic groups cultural identity involves a shared sense of the cultural features that help to define and to characterize the group. These group attributes are important not just for their functional value, but also as symbols. For example, for many Puerto Ricans in the United States, the Spanish language is not just a means of communication; it also represents their identification as Latinos and their difference from the majority culture. Even if Spanish reading and writing ability is absent, the desire to conserve some degree of Spanish speaking ability may reflect a desire to maintain distinctiveness from the surrounding society Take me for example; I didnt learn my native language until I was about eleven years old. I went to a very expansive school where everything around was English. Therefore, the only my society needed from me at that point in time was English. It was not until I went to live with my grand mom that I started to pick up my native language. My grandma lived in a more or less rural part of Nigeria were most people spoke Yoruba and as began to mingle with other kids I fortuitously began to pick up the language as the need for communication was apparent in other to be part of the community. At the individual level, cultural identity has to do with the persons sense of what constitutes membership in an ethnic group to which he or she belongs. Each person will have a particular image of the behaviors and values that characterize the groups culture. In my case Yorubas are known to be able insult people especially people from the Oyo empire they are popularly categorized with the term agboku dide meaning someone who can insult the dead to come back to live. While staying with my grandma I was not look at to be a foreigner and precaution was taken when I come to play with other children. When I was in a fight I didnt get support because I did not belong, making my whole group triumph at insulting me. But as I started to learn the language I began to gain respect amongst my pairs and felt part of the community. People think twice before coming to insult me and the sense of belonging came to me. The term cultural identity is distinguished here from the related and broader social psychological concept of social identity, as well as from ethnic identity. Tajfel and Turner (1986) define social identity as consisting of those aspects of an individuals self-image that derive from the social categories to which he perceives himself as belonging. Their notion of social categories is quite broad, encompassing any type of group to which people perceive themselves as belonging. Such categories of course include ethnicity, but can range from school sports teams to professional identifications, from social club memberships to gender or race classifications, and from nationality groups to psychological groups (for example, jocks, yuppies, nerds). Social identity incorporates both the persons knowledge of membership in particular social categories and the value and feelings attached to those memberships. Ethnic identity can be defined as the portion of an individuals social identity that is associated with membership in an ethnic group (Joane). Cultural identity, while linked closely to both ethnic and social identity, is neither equivalent to them nor coterminous. While both ethnic and cultural identity help the individual to answer the question, Who am I? cultural identity is the component that associates particular cultural features with group membership. Social identity and ethnic identity deal with the symbolic aspects of social categorization the boundary between the in-group and the out-group and the associated affect. A particular individual, for example, may base his/her social identity primarily on gender, while his /her younger siblings may focus more sharply on her Polish background. Thus, the former individuals ethnic identity as a Polish-American would be somewhat less strong than that of the latter individual (Joane). Using the example Joanne Nagel gave, an ethnic identity is only made possible by our language. As one can only know more of one culture by speaking its language. No wonder when ever scientist want to explore a certain ethnic group they start by first learning the ethnics group language. After that, the scientist and people from the ethnic group feel as one and as if they can relate without any barriers. In conclusion, I would like to attest to the fact that that our language marks our identity. the way one speaks directly refers to where one comes from, for example if one speaks French, the person is from either France or French speaking country but the way the person speaks French is always different and from this one is able to deduce if the person is an Ivorian, Senegalese, a French Canadian or proper French. The same is English we have the American English which differ for instance we have a southern way of speaking and the northern way of speaking. This systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings and the combination of methods to be understood by a community can differentiate us totally like I am always asked if English was my first language because of my accent and no matter how times I tell them that English is my first language, I keep hearing the same question.